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CRITERIA FOR SUBMISSION OF ARTICLE

ARTICLE TITLE

Your title should be specific in describing the experiment you performed.

It should be an informative summary of the paper. Select the words in a title carefully for clarity and accuracy.

Long titles are unappealing to readers. However, shorter titles may not be sufficiently specific, and therefore not as informative.

All important aspects of the paper should figure in the title.

A title should be a label, not a sentence.

AUTHORS AND ADDRESSES

Consider following information:

Who did the work
Where they did it
Where they are now
Their relative involvement
To whom correspondence should be addressed

Give full name with surname of each author, use initials only for middle names.

Degrees and titles are required.

Give the institutional address for each author following the journal style.

If the author has moved away from where the research was carried out, give their present address as footnote.

Include the corresponding address of the corresponding author (email compulsorily, phone, postal address).

ABSTRACT

The Abstract is a summary of the study, with the primary emphasis on results and conclusions.

The abstract should be structured to include the aim of the study, settings and design, methods and materials, statistical analysis used, results and conclusion.

Be very succinct - the abstract should be a single paragraph, no more than one page.It should stand on its own; therefore, do not refer to any other part of the report, such as a figure or table.

The length of the abstract should be restricted to 200 words for case reports and brief reports and 350 words for original article.

Compose the abstract with great care. Editors frequently decide to accept or reject a paper (and readers decide to read it completely or not), after only reading the abstract.

Abbreviations should not be used unless they are commonly accepted terms.

Write an abstract after you have completed and finalized the entire paper.

Provide three to six short key messages for all the original articles and one or two for the case reports. These messages should highlight the study, report review. The messages will be printed along with the text in highlighted boxes.

INTRODUCTION

Keep the introduction brief, but do indicate the purpose of the experiments performed as well as present appropriate background.

Make sure that the reader knows enough to appreciate the relevance of the work and why it is appropriate to ask the question that you will address with your study.

Always state the hypothesis and/or objectives in your introduction.

Consider following points:

Nature and scope of the problem
Literature review
Rationale (reasons why the study was carried out)
bjective (what was done)
Materials and method (an outline of how the research was performed, and the reasons for selecting a particular method)

Include only important references.

Define specialized terms on first mention.

If the abbreviations used are not very common, give their full form on the first mention.

Ensure your introduction with continuous flow of information and ideas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Document all methods performed in your study.

Summarize in your own words what you did.

While it is tempting to report methods in chronological order in a narrative form, it is usually more effective to present them under headings devoted to specific procedures or groups of procedures.

For materials considered following three important points:

exact technical specifications
quantities
preparation method and source

Try to make sub-headings of this section consistent with that of result.

Avoid using more than 3 levels of heading

Report date of experiment conducted and georeferences of experimental site.

Methodology need to be described in detail. More detail is required for unusual and innovative procedures.

Remember that this section should only describe the methodology – it should not present the results (do not mix results into this section).

Ethics

While reporting experiments on human subjects, you should indicate whether the procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation

Do not use names or initials of patients or hospitals and/or hospital telephone numbers especially in illustrative material.

Statistics

Statistical analysis must be pertinent and thorough enough to ensure the accuracy of the conclusions. Degree of freedom and level of certainty should be reported in order to facilitate evaluation of conclusions.

Whenever possible, quantify findings and present them with appropriate indicators of measurement error or uncertainty.

Report losses to observation resulting from conditions, such as dropouts from a clinical trial.

Include a general description of methods in the Methods section.

While summarizing the data in the Results section, specify the statistical methods used to analyze them.

Avoid non-technical uses of technical terms in statistics. Define statistical terms, abbreviations, and most symbols.

RESULTS

Analyze your data, then present them in the form of figures (graphs), tables, and/or descriptions of observations. Data in this form are called converted data.

Figures are preferable to tables, and tables are preferable to straight text.

By presenting converted data, you make your point succinctly and clearly.

The table or figure should then be presented, complete with title. The title should explain what the table or figure is showing.

Do not draw conclusions in the results section. Reserve data interpretation for the discussion.

Write clearly in the past tense.

The most common mistakes in this section are the inclusion of unnecessary data and their double presentation, e.g. repeated in a table or a figure as well as within the text.

Only those variables that affect results should be given in tables or graphs. If the data do not conform to a clear trend, it can be stated in a few words or a sentence.

Write concisely – scientific papers should enable fast comprehension of the research, and not present lengthy discussions or opinions.

Select only meaningful data from the collection; present them only once – in text or table or figure.

DISCUSSION

Interpret your data in the discussion.

Decide if each hypothesis is supported, rejected, or if you cannot make a decision with confidence.

Do not simply dismiss a study or part of a study as "inconclusive".

Make what conclusions you can, then suggest how the experiment must be modified in order to properly test the hypothesis(es).

Explain all of your observations as much as possible, focusing on mechanisms.When you refer to information, distinguish data generated by your own studies from published information or from information obtained from other students.

Refer to generally accepted facts and principles in present tense.

Decide if the experimental design adequately addressed the hypothesis, and whether or not it was properly controlled.

Finally, where do you go next? The best studies open up new avenues of research. What questions remain? Did the study lead you to any new questions? Try to thinkup a new hypothesis and briefly suggest new experiments to further address the main question. Be creative, and don't be afraid to speculate.

Deal with how observed facts are related, how the present study agrees or disagrees with previous studies, and how the study might be extended in order to test or make a hypothesis.

Present clear and valid reasoning and argument. Regardless of how important the research is, if it is not carefully considered and discussed within the article, then the overall research results are undermined.

Analyze perfectly and draw believable conclusions – make sure this is not a fault of your paper.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Acknowledge for

significant technical help received from others
grants, fellowships or other financial assistance

Do not thank someone without identifying the nature of the assistance

Do not thank peer reviewers. Do not thank someone just for inspiration.

CITATION IN TEXT

Literature citations in the body of your paper should be in parentheses and contain only the author's last name and the date; for multiple authors include the last name of the first author, et al and the date. For example: (Joshi 2005), (Ganga et al 2004).

If the author's name is used in the text then just the date in parentheses is sufficient.For example: Shrestha (1949), Adhikari et al (2005).

Use the proper form for citations. Order citations in ascending by year.

REFERENCES

Include sufficient but not too many references: you need to provide a citation (reference) every time you state a fact that is not generally known, or if you are showing how your work has built on that of others.

Review articles usually require high numbers of references. Too many references may indicate an inability to discriminate and select appropriately – you need to show good judgment in the selection, there is no right or wrong number of references to include in any article.

The minimum requirements in a reference are Author, Date, Title, Inclusive pagination, Journal name.

TABLES

<Construct tables or figures only if there are large amounts of data. Few data should be given in text.

Do not present data both in tables and figures. Where the results describe a trend a figure is more helpful than a table. Where the exact value is important, a table is of more value.

For easy reading, put different variables of same parameter in the same column. This also makes the table compact and good-looking.

Common abbreviations can be used without definition; others should be defined in a table footnote if they are not defined in the accompanying text. Be brief, but be clear.

Number the figures and tables in separate sequences. All tables and figures must be cited within the text.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Unless three dimensions are actually needed.

For the sake of legibility, the background should always be white.

Do not use a shade of colour (or different percentage of grey) in bar diagrams. Even if the journal has a high quality multicolour print, the distinction of bars can not be represented while making normal photocopy of the article. Use easily distinguishable patterns to distinguish the separate bars.

If the legends are in very tiny boxes, it is very difficult to distinguish the pattern or shade in them – ensure these key boxes are easily read.

Submit the figures in final size using the font size and line weights actually desired (usually 12pt Arial and 0.5pt for the line weights, topic – 16pt, subtopic – 14pt). When unnecessarily big figures are greatly reduced by the journal, the lines and letters may become too small or thin. Avoid using FULL CAPITALS or bold as they make the artwork ugly and difficult to read.

Mention the sources for illustrations within the legend to the figure (check the journal)style.

Distinction in line graphs can be made by using solid and dotted lines, and by using different symbols for data points in the same type of line.

Putting lines of different thickness gives more choices, however, you should avoid it as far as possible (it may be hard to distinguish when printed). Use of the same data point in solid and open style offers more choices.

Avoid using a pi-chart in most instances. In a scientific paper other chart types are almost always more helpful than a pi-chart which does not easily allow for comparison between data.

Provide a descriptive legend or title to every figure; this may contain explanatory information about the illustration.

While scanning photographs, maintain a resolution of 300ppi (or dpi) or more. But line artwork (charts, etc.) needs a higher resolution – 700ppi for example.

If possible, use a proper drawing package to prepare your artwork, and supply to the publisher as a high resolution jpeg or eps files. Consult experts for this.

Electronic artwork as Excel or Word pictures is acceptable, but can sometimes cause problems for the publisher. Avoid PowerPoint illustrations.